Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.
2 Teaching at Al-Qadisiyah University, College of Agriculture
Abstract
The current study focused on comparing two types of plants, Brassica juncea L and Canna generalis, in the bioremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals, as well as evaluating the plant contamination with lead and cadmium according to global pollution standards. The experiment was carried out in the shade of the College of Agriculture at Al-Qadisiyah University, using a clay soil mixture collected from the agricultural departments of the directorate of Agriculture in Al Diwaniyah province, to assess the efficiency of Indian mustard and canna plants in the bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Four levels of lead and cadmium concentrations were added to the soil before planting as nitrates for each element and left for 10 days to reach equilibrium. Indian mustard and canna plants were planted on 9/9/2023, and the total concentration of heavy metals was estimated before planting and after the experiment ended on 16/12/2023. The root and shoot parts were washed with tap water and then with distilled water, dried, and ground for digestion to determine their ability to absorb heavy metals as a key factor for phytoremediation according to the standards of plant pollution represented by the biological accumulation coefficient (BAC), the biological concentration factor (BCF), and the translocation factor (TF). The results show an increase in the concentration of lead and cadmium in the shoot and root parts of both Indian mustard and canna plants within increasing levels of addition. Indian mustard plants generally showed good accumulation of cadmium in their root part, exceeding a BCF value, while their ability to transfer lead and cadmium from the root part to the shoot part was weak. As for the canna plant, the results indicated its weak capacity to transfer lead from the roots to the shoot part, and it demonstrated superiority over Indian mustard in accumulating cadmium, due to higher values of BCF, BAC, and TF.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Abd AL-Wahab, Suaad Khairy. 2020. The investigation of some heavy metals in agricultural soils of Diyala Province and treating them with different types of plants. PhD thesis, College of Education for Pure Sciences - Diyala University.
- Abdel Baqi, Abdul Ghaffur Al-Sayyid. 2000. Environmental Pollution, Earth, and Plants. University Publishing House. Egypt.
- Abdel Karim, Marwa Kazem. 2022. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with some heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Co) using Canna generalis plant. Master's thesis, Technical College / Musayyib – Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcicn.2023.11
- Al-Arayni, Adel Ali. 2005. Estimation of Some Qualitative Characteristics and Several Trace Elements in Soil and Sewage Water of Mosul City and within Plants Irrigated with it, and Determining Efficiency of Sunflower Helianthus. Doctoral thesis, College of Science - University of Mosul.
- Alawsy, W. S. A., Alabadi, L. A. S., & AL-jibury, D. A. Employing Phytoremediation Methods to Extract Heavy Metals from Polluted Soils. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 25(6). ISO 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/27197050/187775
- Alexander P.D; B.J. Alloway and A.M Dourado . 2008. Genotypic variation in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables. Environ. Pollut. 144:736–745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.001
- Al-Salman, Ibrahim Mahdi Azuz, Abdulsalam, Mutnani, and Saada Matuq, Ali, 2011. Assess the quality and quantity of Suspended Dust and its role in air pollution of desert cities (Applied study). Journal of the University of Kufa, special issue on the First Scientific Conference - College of Education for Plants, University of Kufa, Iraq.
- Ansari,F.A.;S.S.Gill ; G.R. Lanza and L.Newman.2015.Phytoremediation Management of Environmental Contamination,Volume 1.Springer International Publishing Switzerland, DOI 10. 107/978-3-319- 105- 2.
- Azita, B.H. and Seid, A.M. 2008. Investigation of heavy metals uptake by vegetable crops from metal–contaminated soil. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 43(1):56-58.
- Chojnacha, K ; A. Chojnacki ; H. Gorecka and H. Gorecki. 2005. Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants. Science Total Environment 337(1-3): 175-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.009
- Day, P.R .1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis, in C.A. Black, Ed,.Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Agronomy Monograph Number 9, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 545–567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c43
- El-Etebi Gamal M. N. 2007. Behavior and Transport of Cadmium and Selenium in Some Soils of Southern Region, Saudi Arabia. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Master's thesis, Soil Science Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences - King Saud University. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2017.5(spl-1-safsaw).s86.s90
- Elkhatib, H.A. 1998. Environmental chemistry of soils. Maaref Institution, Alexandria - Arab Republic of Egypt. p. 454.
- Elkhatib, H.A. 2008. Soil Pollution. Al-Maaref Institution, Alexandria, Arab Republic of Egypt.
- Evans, L. J ; S. Boua ; D. G. Lumsdon and D. A. Stanbury .2003. Cadmium adsorption by an organic soil: a comparsion of some humic-metals complexation models. Chemical Speciation and Bioavialability, 15(4). 93- 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/095422903782775172
- Hussain, B.; Umer, M.J.; Li, J.; Ma, Y.; Abbas, Y.; Ashraf, M.N.; Tahir, N.; Ullan, A.; Gogoi, N.; Farooq, M. 2021. Strategies for reducing cadmium accumulation in rice grains. J. Cleaner Prod., 286: 125557 (20 pages). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125557
- Jones, J. B .2001. Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis /Includes bibliographical references and index.CRC Press LLC. ISBN 0-8493-0206-4.
- Karim,M.K. A ;K.M.Naser and S.L.Assi .2022. Use of phytoremidation technique in reclamation of soil contaminated with some havy metals (Co,Cu,Pb) by cultivating Canna generalis plant.International journal of Halth Sciences, 6(S8), 3896-3908. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns8.13013
- Li, G., Zhao, X., Iqbal, B., Zhao, X., Liu, J., Javed, Q., Du, D. 2023. The effect of soil microplastics on Oryza sativa L. root growth traits under alien plant inva- .1172093 ,11 ,sion. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1172093
- LIU, Z., HE, X., CHEN, W., YUAN, F., YAN, K., TAO, D.2009. Accumulation and Tolerance Characteristics of Cadmium in a Potential Hyperaccumulatior Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 169, 170-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.090
- Malayeri, B. E., Chehregani, A., Yousefi, N., & Lorestani, B. (2008), Identification of the hyper accumulator plants in copper and iron mine in Iran. Pakistan journal of biological sciences, 11(3), 490-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.490.492
- Olge, K; V.Shestivska M. Galiova; K. Novotny and J.K. aiser. 2009. Sunflower Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution with Lead (II) Ions Sensors 2009, 9, 5040-5058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s90705040
- Ouda, Marwan Mahmood. 2018. Using Radish Carrot plants by phytoremediation for soil polluted with heavy elements. Master's thesis, College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad.
- Page, E. R. ; R. H. Miller and D. R. Kenny . 1982. Methods of soil analysis , Part 2 , 2nd ed. Agron. 9 .
- Popova, L. P.; L. T. Mashenkova ; R. Y. Yordanova ; A. P. Ivanova ; A. P. Krantev and G. Szalai .2008. Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid attenuates cadmium toxicity in pea seedlings. Plant physiol. Biochem. 47: 224-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.11.007
- Sajad, M.A.; M.S. Khan; and H. Ali,. 2019. Lead phytoremediation potential of sixty-one plant species: An open field survey. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 8(1): 405-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700200
- Sandalio, L.M., Dalurzo, H.C., and Gόmez, M. 2001. Cadmium induced Change in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants, Journal of Experimental Botany, 52 (364): 2115-2126. (abst.). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2115
- Sharma, J.K., Kumar, N., Singh, N.P., Santal, A.R. 2023. Phytoremediation technologies and their mechanism for removal of heavy metal from con- taminated soil: an approach for a sustainable envi- ronment. Frontiers in Plant Scienc .1076876 ,14 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1076876
- Somaratne, S. and Weerakoon, S. R. 2012. A Comprehensive Study on Phytoextractive Potential of Sri Lankan Mustard (Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss) Genotypes. World Academy of Science, Eng. Technol. Int. Sci Index(6)1:1102-1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v38i2.1862
- Talib, Noor Nazar. 2023. Comparison of some ornamental plants in the bioremediation of soil contaminated with some heavy metals. Master's thesis, College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad.
- Wang, S., and J. Liu. 2014. The effectiveness and risk comparison of EDTA with EGTA in enhancing Cd phytoextraction by mirabilis jalapa L. Environ. Monit. Assess. 186(2): 751–759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3414-x
- WHO/FAO. 2007. Joint WHO/FAO. Food standard programme codex Alimentarius commission 13th session. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(97)90037-2
- Yobouet Y. A ; K. Adouby ; A. Trokourey and B. Yao .2010. Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc speciation in contaminated soils International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(5): 802-812.
)
