Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences

This experiment was applied in Al-Hussainiya district in Karbala governorate. The experiment was for the pierod 6/1/2022- 11/4/2022. The aim of the study was the effect of adding zeolite with and without urea on the performance of Awassi lamps and investigates its effect on the rumen fluid. Sixteen sheep with 3-4 months of age with 18 kg weight have been used in the experiment. This number was divided into four treatments. The first treatment was fed the control treatment without any added, while the second treatment was fed with 3% zeolite, the third treatment was 3% zeolite, 1.5% urea, and the fourth treatment was 3% zeolite and 3% urea. The factorial experiment using the complete randomly design randomized design has been used to analysis the data. The results have been showed that no significant differences at the level of p<0.05) in the primary weight rates among the experimental groups. There are significant differences in the final weight, as the third and fourth treatments were significantly superior to the level of (p<0.05), which were (37.35, 37.90) kg, respectively, while the control treatment was (31.80) kg. As for the second treatment, it was not significantly superior (p<0.05) with the first treatment, but it was superior to the first, which reached (31.80) kg. Also, the third treatment was superior to all treatments in the daily and total weight gain. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the total increase among the experimental treatments. The treatment added to its diets T3 (3% zeolite 5.1% urea) superior with other treatment, which reaching (20.10) kg, while the control was (13.45) kg. In addition, there were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the average of the concentrated feed for the different experimental treatments, but there were arithmetic differences, as the first, second, third and fourth treatments, which reached (87.53, 86.59, 69.33, 77.08) kg, respectively. There are significant differences (P<0.05) between the different experimental treatments that were fed with wheat, where the animal was given 300 g/day. Also, no significant differences (P<0.05) found in the consumption of total feed provided to Awassi sheep. Finally, there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the efficiency of food conversion between the different treatments, where the first treatment superior the control at (P<0.05), which reaching (7.68) compared with the third treatment 5.37.

In this study, the physicochemical indexes, phytochemical screening by thin layer chromatography of essential oils (EOs) obtained from C. limon L. and C. sinensis peels and their antioxidant, antihemolyticand antibacterial activities were investigated. The highest yield (0.71%), density (0.918 ±0.05), refractive index (1.974±0.02), saponification value (186.11±1.13 mg KOH/g) where obtained in C. limon, wherethe highest acid value ( 0.45±0.2mg KOH/g) was for C sinensis. Eight and six spots were identified in C. sisensis and C. limon respectively using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity were 7.04 ±1.03 and 8.39 ± 0.9 µg/mL for C. limon and C. sinensis essential oils, respectively. C. limon EO was also demonstrated better antihemolytic activity by peroxide scavenging, IC50 were 12.76± 0.6 for C. limon and 14.26 ±0.3 µg/mL for C. sinensis essential oils. The C. limon peel EOs showed, also, a higher antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli with 20.5±0.2 and 11.5 ±0.01 mm, respectively. Our data showed that both C. limon and C. sinensis EO were inactive against P. aeruginosa.

In Algeria, the launching of projects encouraging the practice of supplemental irrigation on cereals to increase productivity and the sustainability of farms in arid and semi-arid regions is confronted with the problems of water use efficiency and soil quality conservation. The use of poor-quality irrigation water for supplemental irrigation is subject to secondary salinization processes, which become worse over time. The present paper aims to study the impact of supplemental irrigation on the increase of durum wheat yield, water use and soil salinization, a trial was set up in the soil of the HMADNA experimental station (RELIZANE, Lower-Cheliff). The experimental set-up is a randomized block with three replications and five treatments (water regime): T1 rainfed, T2 irrigated at tellering stage (T), T3 irrigated up to booting stage (TB), T4 irrigated up to heading stage (TBH) and T5 irrigated up to grain filling stage (TBHF). The parameters studied were: grain yield (GrYd), water consumption or actual evapotranspiration (AET), water use efficiency (WUE), soil salinity (EC) and water satisfaction rate (Ts). The analysis of the variance of the measured parameters showed significant to highly significant differences. Under the experimental conditions of the study site, the supplemental irrigation corresponding to the T5 water regime with an AET of 543mm, contributed significantly to the increase in grain yield up to 62.64 Qx/ha with a WUE of 11.83 Kg/ha/mm and a Ts of 96.31%. Moreover, an irrigation water quantity of near 113mm at the end of the wheat vegetative cycle (grain filling stage) causes the leaching of salts from the surface layer (H0-20cm) previously acquired during the vegetative cycle of the crop. The behavioural study of the saline profile showed that the salinity of the H20-40cm layers undergoes a secondary salinization process with an increased rate ranging from 100% to 220%. In saline environments, the contribution of supplemental irrigation is very important to ensure sustainable food security within specific phenological stages (end of cycle) according to the prevailing climatic conditions of the area while meeting the water needs of the crop.

This experiment was applied in animal production fields (Sheikh Saad district) which located in Wasit governorate, Wasit, Iraq for sheep rearing. The experiment was started 20/1/2022- 20/4/2022, proceeded for 14 days introductory period. The aim of study was to add four different levels of fast and slow decomposition of urea in blood samples of Awassi sheep. Sixteen males of Awassi sheep aged (3-4) months have been used, with an average initial weight of (16.5-18) ± 500 g. There was a significant difference (P≤0.05) in the pH value of the rumen fluid in relation to the 0/h before the morning feeding for the third treatment, which was added to its diets: fast and slow decomposition urea (0.5%-1.5%) mg/kg dry matter was 6.60 compared with the first, second treatment and the fourth one, as it reached 6.94, 6.82 and 6.86, respectively.The results also showed that the addition of different percentages of fast and slow decomposition urea to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen at 0/h, where the fourth treatment excelled which reaching 79.12 mmol compared to the first, second and third treatment, which were 65.01 and 68.24 and 73.64 mmol, respectively. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen at 0 hour, as the fourth and third treatment recorded 7.89 and 8.82, respectively, while with the first and second treatment recorded 12.51 and 11.46, respectively. In addition, there are no significant differences in the concentration of urea in the blood between the experimental treatments added to it of fast hydrolyzed urea and slow hydrolyzed urea at different levels. Finally, there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the concentration of triglycerides in the blood for the sixth week, where the first treatment, which added 2% urea, exceeded the rate of decomposition to its diet. It reached 69.16 mg/100 ml compared with the second, third and fourth treatment. They were ranged 68.24, 67.92, and 67.99 mg, respectively.

The present study focuses on the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in order to assess their irrigation suitability. The samples collected from 28 boreholes intended for irrigation chosen from two localities (El Outaya and Ain Naga) in the Ziban region (Algeria), were analyzed for nine different physicochemical water quality parameters (which include EC, pH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ , Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, SO₄^2-and HCO₃^-). The laboratory results indicate that most of the groundwater samples of the both locations show high value of EC which exceed as per FAO Standards. The classification of hydrochemical facies by Piper diagram shows dominance of chloride and calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) and magnesium groundwater type (in Ain Naga) and potassium chloride water type (in El Outaya). The majority of groundwater samples analyzed of the both location are unsuitable for irrigation purpose according to the interpretation of graphical plots such as Wilcox and US Salinity Laboratory for the classification of groundwater. In Ain Naga location, the better class of water quality is C3S1 with only 14.28%.The rest is unsuitable for irrigation C4S1 (71.42%) and C4S2 (14.28%). However, all groundwater samples analyzed of El Outaya location are unsuitable for irrigation with C4S2 (28.57%), C4S3 (28.57%) and C5S3 (42.85%).

Atmospheric carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems has become a significant challenge in the global framework of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The main objective of this study is to provide estimation of organic carbon stocks in the agricultural soils of the Sidi Bel Abbes plain at various depths and according to different land use, namely cereals, olives and,viticulture. We have chosen two toposequences according to the two main types of soils that dominate, namely Chromic Cambisols and Calcareous Cambisols. Organic carbon was determined by the modified method of Walkley and Black. Stored organic carbon values varied significantly (p <0.05) between the different land uses and depth strata. The maximum value of 29.28 t ha^-1 ± 2.29 was recorded under viticulture in the 30cm to 45cm stratum of Chromic Cambisols. The minimum value of 12.11 t ha^-1 ± 0.17 was registered under cereal cultivation in the 0 to 15cm stratum of Calcaric Cambisols. With 15.84±3.59 t ha^-1 as average under cereal cultivation, 19.49 t ha^-1 ±5 under olive cultivation and 20.50 t ha^-1 ±5.64 under viticulture. for the stratum ranging from 0 to 15 cm; The recorded stock is between 12.11 t ha^-1± 0.17 and 23.60 t ha^-1± 2.45. for the stratum ranging from 15 to 30 cm; The recorded stock is between 15.28 t ha^-1± 1.25 and 27.62 t ha^-1± 3.03 and for the stratum ranging from 30 to 45 cm The recorded stock is between 13.17 t ha^-1±4 .18 and 13.17 t ha^-1±4.18 .The average for all 54 samples is 18.61 t ha^-1 ± t/ha. The soil organic carbon stock is 19.56 t ha^-1 ±6 for Chromic Cambisols and 17.66 t ha^-1 ±4 for Calcaric Cambisols.

In Algeria, vegetable crops are dependent on irrigation. In this context, the present study is oriented towards the efficient management of agricultural water that contributes to the improvement of crop production. The approach is based on the calculation of the water requirements of the potato in order to control the efficiency of the water supply in relation to the crop water requirements. This efficiency of use is imperative for a better yield and a healthy agricultural environment. In this study, we used two agronomic models CropWat (v8.0) and AquaCrop (v6.1), which were developed by FAO, to evaluate the water use efficiency (WUE) in a semi-arid climate (Wilaya of Tiaret) over a 31-year period (1990-2021). And this, by estimating the irrigation water requirements (IWR) and crop water requirements (CWR). The results obtained showed that there is a very close relationship between the estimates produced by the two models CropWat and AquaCrop. These estimates are for IWR, CWR and WUE, which are in the order of 395.91 mm, 517.24 mm, 6.47 kg m^-3 using CropWat and 385.46 mm; 507.38 mm, 6.37 kg m^-3 using AquaCrop. Crop growth simulation models have become important tools for evaluating and developing deficit irrigation strategies, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

This study focuses on the characterization and functioning of the oasis agricultural systemin in the upper part of the Oued Righ valley in southeastern Algeria. It aims to determine, through surveys, the determining elements of production systems, their evolution constraints and to understand their evolution dynamics. The results obtained, according to the cropping system criterion, enabled us to identify and characterize four types of agricultural production systems : (P1) Date palm system-associated crops-breeding, it is the most present system and which presents a certain profitability and a better dynamism. (P2) Date palm system associated with crops, (P3) Date palm system associated with marginal breeding but which remains a relatively profitable activity, and (P4) production system practicing only date palms which is characterized by a stagnation and very reduced agricultural activity being limited to a few cropping operations.

The objective of this work is to study the seasonal evolution of soil salinity (Solonchak) in the region of Bas-Chéliff at the scale of three soil profiles. It is therefore a question of characterizing the soil solution, defining the distribution profiles of salts in the soil, determining the speed of salinization and determining the temporal evolution of salinity between the dry season and the wet season.‎ Data analysis revealed that all three profiles experienced salinization during the dry season compared to the wet season. the three profiles are characterized by a predominantly silty-clayey texture and an average limestone content. The chemical composition of the soil solution is dominated by chlorides and sodium. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the chemical elements of the soil solution (Na⁺ and Cl^-) have the most influence on the variability of salinity. ‎The three profiles show salinization between the wet and dry season. This salinity occurred at a speed which is respectively 8.47dS/m/month, 8.5 dS/m/month and ‎‎3.1 dS/m/month for profiles 1, 2 and 3. We can conclude that the three profiles suffered salinization during the dry season.

The study examined the use of social media among the agricultural students of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty agricultural students was selected in four tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. The data collected was analysed with the use of frequency count, Percentage, Mean and Standard deviation. The result revealed that 20.8 years was the average age of the respondents. About 64.2% were male and about 91.7% gets information through social media.  The average monthly money used for buying data for subscription was 1922.00 Naira and the average hours spent on social media per day was 7.38 hours. About 77.5 % of the respondents uses smart phones to access social media platforms. Facebook (93.3%) was the most frequently used social media platform. Communication/calling (87.5%) was the main motive for using social media. Social media makes communication to be faster (=4.11) was the highest ranked perception statement. High cost of data ((=2.64) was the highest ranked factor affecting the use of social media. The study therefore recommends that data service providers should consider reducing the price of data and government should make policies that will be of benefits to data users.

In the current study sweet whey obtained from white soft cheese was used for processing of Ricotta cheese using heat treatment with acid and Best Ricotta which manufactured by heating without addition of acid. Cheese samples were analyzed for some physicochemical analysis (moisture, total solids, pH, protein, yield and hardness) and organoleptic characteristics including (Appearance, texture, flavor, color, and overall acceptability) during 7 days of storage at 4±1ºc. It was found that the moisture content of Ricotta cheese was76.50% which was lower than that of Best ricotta 79.266%, the total solid of Best ricotta cheese was 17.733 %, while for Ricotta cheese was 21.50 %. Ricotta cheese characterized by lower pH value of 5.48 and higher acidity, protein contain, yield and hardness 0.103 %, 14.2%, 8.7% and 6g as compared to Best Ricotta cheese which were 6.40, 0.054 %, 12.26%, 6.49% and 3.66 g respectively at the first day of cold storage. It was noted that with the prolonged of the storage time, there was an increase in the values of some characteristics, including the percentage of total solids, acidity and hardness, while there was a decrease in the values of pH, moisture and protein percentage. Ricotta cheese gets the highest score by sensory panelists for the texture and appearance and unlike for, flavors and color than the Best Ricotta. Those degrees decreased slightly during the storage period. 

The use of aqueous extracts as alternative solutions that significantly reduce to the damage caused by pests like Ectomyelois ceratoniae. This work presents in-vitro tests that are successfully applied to evaluate the ovicidal activity of four spontaneous plants aqueous extracts, as, Rosmarinus officinalis, Peganum harmala, Thymus vulgaris and Artemisia herba-alba againt the moth eggs. The results showed a highly significant effect for T. vulgaris and A. herba-alba, sometimes reaching 100%, followed by R. officinalis, then P. harmala which was not present any effect on this pest eggs. T. vulgaris and A. herba-alba showed a strong inhibition of egg hatching. It exceeds 93 % mortality for a concentration of 0.12 mL/mL. For R. officinalis at 0.18 mL/mL concentration present a 72% mortality. While at 0.12 mL/mL, the mortality was 40%.The lethal doses to inhibit 50 and 90 % of the eggs were estimated to confirm the efficiency of the aqueous extracts , stronger results shows, respectively (0.014 mL and 0.062 mL) from T. vulgaris and (0.019 mL and 0.069 mL) from A. herba-alba. This work originally explores the benefits of some kinds of plants that are largely available and inexpensive for the biotreatment of carob motheggs.

A total of twelve bacterial isolates from different samples of yoghurt and milk purchased from local markets in Diwaniyah Governorate. The preliminary screening was carried out all bacterial isolates by gram staining. The six isolates were selected based on the intensity of colour variation in the fermentation medium and were identified according to phenotypic, microscopic, and biochemical examinations, which included twelve isolates of Lactobacillus spp.  Vitek II Compact instrument was used with all isolates to confirm the initial identification. The secondary screening was performed for isolates of Lactobacillus spp.species. Given the amount of the produced lactic acid, the L.casei strain 1859 had the highest lactic acid production, which was 64.32 g/L. The 16S rRNA test allowed the identification of this isolate.The results showed that the best conditions for acid production were 62.76 mg/L and the L.casei strain 9836 grown on the alternative medium containing 50 % whey, 7% molasses, and pH 6.9, incubated on an orbital shaker at 38°C for 24 hours, and agitated at 250 rpm.FTIR techniques were used to identify the nucleus of the hydrogen atom (proton) ¹H and the carbon atoms ¹³C in the presence of standard lactic acid for comparison. The results revealed the peaks and bands of the produced acid were some similar to that of the standard acid.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect offenugreek seed powder as feed additive on performance and blood chemistry of broiler chicks. 96 unsexed broiler chicks (hubbard) were divided randomly into four group, each represented a treatment (24 birds/treatment) with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. The experimental basal rations were formulated to meet requirement for essential nutrients for broiler chicks according to NRC (1994) recommendation. Four graded levels of fenugreek seed powder 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were used. The experiment lasted for six weeks. Blood chemistry and carcass characteristics were measured. Overall feed intake, live body weight, haven't shown any significant (p>0.05) differences between treatments groups, Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly affected (P<0.05), birds fed 0.5% fenugreek seeds powder were recorded highest weight gain and lowest feed conversion ratio. Internal organs weights were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments.Blood parameters weren’t significantly (p>0.05) affected, PCV, MCH, MCHC, RBCS and WBC, significant (P<0.05) increased in HB plasma was observed. No significant (p>0.05) different was recorded in cholesterol level between experimental groups. Inclusion of fenugreek seeds powder has good effect on broiler chicks performance.

This study was considered the distribution of samples according to socio demographic characteristics and their relationship with food labelling survey in Sulaimani city. Food labelling information used as a basic for all other parameters such as consumers education levels, gender, consumers able to read food labelling, know regarding of food labelling, sensitivity or illness by some foods and consumers age. Regarding the consumer’s education level, the low, medium and high literate skills level of consumers were showed that to be higher than the level illiterate skills with attention and use food labelling information before purchase it. In addition, 52% of female respondents were checking the food labelling information before purchase the food. Although, there were no significant differences between information in related to gender. Otherwise, the data are associated to the read of food labelling information, it can be identified that our consumers generally notice information labels, but do not take much attention in its content. Concerning the question of are you know food labelling information? There were statistically significant differences between foods labelling information in related to be you know? For the sensitivity or illness parameter in this study. The results discovered that, there were statistically significant differences between information in related to Sensitivity or Illness as well as, quarter of the respondents (75%) did not read the food information. Finally, consumers within the age group 41 and above use food labelling information less than consumers within the age group between 18-40 ages.

Climate changes affect the economic viability of livestock. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the heat stress in Holstein cattle raised in the arid region of Tunisia as well as to evaluate the effect of the temperature-humidity index (THI) on daily milk production and components. For this reason, 76940 monthly individual records collected from 1995 to 2018 from 3056 Holstein cows were used. THI calculated from ambient temperature and relative humidity was used as a measure of heat stress. To study the effect of THI on milk production, a repeated measures linear mixed model was used. Results showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in daily milk yield, daily protein, and fat content in all cow’s parity classes. For each point increase of the THI values beyond 64, milk yield, fat, and protein contains decreased by 0.32 kg, 0.09, and 0.06 %, respectively. Moreover, when the THI value varied from 64 to 85, fat content decreased by 29 %, protein by 17 %, and milk production by 30 %. Heat stress impact negatively milk production and milk components of dairy cows. These results can be a way to improve the length of productive life for Holstein dairy cattle in the hard climate. Serious management strategies are needed to improve dairy cow productivity and minimize the heat stress impact.

Investigating the effect of urea and nano-nitrogen fertigation and foliar application of nano B and Mo on growth and yield of potato Solanum tuberosum L. [Rivera-A]. The study was conducted in a private farm located in the Al-Taleah area - Babylon governorate. The experiment consisted of (12) treatments consisting of separated fertigation of nano nitrogen (25% N) and urea (46% N), single treatments of leaf spraying of nano Mo (5%), Nano B (9%), nano-binary combinations (Mo+B) and (U+ Nano Mo), (U+Nano B), Nano (N+Mo), Nano (N+B), and tricombination treatments of (U+Mo+B), Nano (N+Mo+B) additional to the control treatment. Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) and one way simple experiment with three replicates. Fertilizers were applied at levels of 40 liters h-1 of Nano-N fertilizer (25% N) and 300 kg h-1 urea fertilizer (46% N). They were sprayed early in the morning after (40) days after planting four times. Two weeks is the period between an application and another according to the recommendation of (1) kg h-1 nano-fertilizer of (B) and (500) g h-1 of Mo. Fertilizers were injected and sprayed at (10, 20, 30 and 40)% of the total amount of the fertilizer were applied as the first, second, third and fourth applications, respectively. Some growth traits were tested including the chlorophyll content in the leaves, the total dry vegetative yild, the soft tubers yield, and the biological yield, proteins and ascorbic acid yield compared to the control (spray water only). The results of the Duncan test showed a significant increase in most of the studied traits of nano-tricombination (N+Mo+B) in the fresh tubers yield, dry vegetative yield , the biological yield, starch yield ,the total protein and ascorbic yield (37.53, 1.799, 8.138,4.152 , 481.3and 653.8 meg ha-1) respectively .compare to control (21.58 , 0.890, 4.463 ,2.323 , 366.1 and 215.5 meg ha-1) respectively.

This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two biological agents Beauveria bassiana (Bals) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Kursaki) and four chemical pesticides Levo 2.4 SL, Aster 20 SL, Difuse 450 SC, and Matrixine Plus EC on four important main pests that infect tomato plants. The pests studied were whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Meyrick Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Sulzer Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Koch Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetraanychidae). The results show that the pesticide Matrixine Plus recorded the highest average of mortality of both larval and adult stages of all four pests. The average of mortality for adults and larvae of whitefly were 96.67% and 86.67% respectively. The average of mortality for adults and larvae of Meyrick was 93.33% for both stages, while the percentages for adults and larvae of Sulzer and Kotch were 96.67% respectively after seven days of exposure. The lowest averages of mortality were recorded for Antario on whitefly adults and for Difuse on whitefly (both (16.67%). Difuse caused the lowest average of mortality (26.67%) on Meyrick adults, whereas Antario caused the lowest average of mortality of 20% on Meyrick larvae. The results show also that Antario caused the lowest average of mortality of 23.33% on adults and 16.67% on larvae. Similarly, Difuse was recorded the lowest average of 20% on adults while Antario caused the lowest average of mortality of 26.67% on larvae after one day of treatment.

Glimpse of fish as perishable staple was reviewed. Fish is an important animal protein as it supplies good quality protein, vitamins and minerals. It is however highly perishable and spoils quickly, bad fish handling after harvesting, inadequate storage and processing facilities also contributes to fish spoilage in developing countries thus causing a lacuna between fish demand and supply, thus posing a great challenge to food security. Processing of fish facilitates its maximal use as for value-added fish products. Smoking is the preservation method most adopted in many developing countries to extend fish shelf life. Fish post-harvest loss come in different faces including: physical loss, quality loss and market forces loss all of which will lead to reduction in fish shelf life. Antimicrobial properties of plant extracts and proper packaging can extend fish shelf life. There in need to encourage women participation in fisheries subsector as their active role is essential to fighting poverty and ensuring food security within many households.

The present study aimed to extract the mucilage from Tamarind Tamarindus indica L and studying some the functional properties . The values of solubility , water binding capacity and viscosity for tamarind seed mucilage were:  87.4 , 17.54 and 13.7 respectively . The tamarind seed mucilage showed varied oil binding capacity from 0.42- 0.73 ( g oil / g dry mucilage ) due to the type of oil used . The results showed a higher emulsification stability from tamarind seed mucilage. This results indicated the ability of using tamarind seed mucilage as stabilizer and emulsifier in food industry .

A field experimentt has been carried out in the Autumn season of 2017 in one of the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Qadisiyah to determine the response of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to the fertigation with nano fertilizers of macro elements NPK on the growth and yield of the potato cultivar Arizona under drip irrigation system. The experiment has included 9 treatments of fertigation single Nano N, P, K, di combination nano (N+P), (N+K), (P+K), tri nano (N+P+K) and conventional fertilizers (NPK20:20:20) In addition to the comparative treatment, according to design of RCBD and one way simple treatment with 4 replicates .
Fertilizers have been injected with levels of addition of 40L h-1 of nano nitrogen fertilizer 25%N, 10 kg h-1 of nano phosphorus fertilizer 25% P and 20 kg h-1 of nano potassium fertilizer 35% K and 300 kg h-1 traditional fertilizer Tron (NPK 20:20:20) ) in four batches 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the quantities of fertilizers added to the first, second, third and fourth batches respectively. The growth parameters tested are plant height, chlorophyll content in leaves, vegetative dry matter yield, soft tubers yield, biological yield, dry tubers yield, starch, protein , The results of the Duncan test under a significant level of 0.05 showe that the following fertigation of nano (N+P+K) give has given the highest rate of vegetative qualities and the quality of all yield and significantly exceeded the di combinations and individual fertigation in some traits (plant height and chlorophyll content SPAD.higher nano(N+P+K) combination in the vegetative yield, the soft tubers yield, the biological yield, dry matter yield of tubers, the total yield protein and starch (2.148, 48.221, 11.395, 9.246,843. 871 and 6.355 Mg h-1) .

Investigating the effect of urea and nano-nitrogen fertigation and foliar application of nano B and Mo on growth and yield of potato Solanum tuberosum L. [Rivera-A]. The study was conducted in a private farm located in the Al-Taleah area - Babylon governorate. The experiment consisted of (12) treatments consisting of separated fertigation of nano nitrogen (25% N) and urea (46% N), single treatments of leaf spraying of nano Mo (5%), Nano B (9%), nano-binary combinations (Mo+B) and (U+ Nano Mo), (U+Nano B), Nano (N+Mo), Nano (N+B), and tricombination treatments of (U+Mo+B), Nano (N+Mo+B) additional to the control treatment. Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) and one way simple experiment with three replicates. Fertilizers were applied at levels of 40 liters h-1 of Nano-N fertilizer (25% N) and 300 kg h-1 urea fertilizer (46% N). They were sprayed early in the morning after (40) days after planting four times. Two weeks is the period between an application and another according to the recommendation of (1) kg h-1 nano-fertilizer of (B) and (500) g h-1 of Mo. Fertilizers were injected and sprayed at (10, 20, 30 and 40)% of the total amount of the fertilizer were applied as the first, second, third and fourth applications, respectively. Some growth traits were tested including the chlorophyll content in the leaves, the total dry vegetative yild, the soft tubers yield, and the biological yield, proteins and ascorbic acid yield compared to the control (spray water only). The results of the Duncan test showed a significant increase in most of the studied traits of nano-tricombination (N+Mo+B) in the fresh tubers yield, dry vegetative yield , the biological yield, starch yield ,the total protein and ascorbic yield (37.53, 1.799, 8.138,4.152 , 481.3and 653.8 meg ha-1) respectively .compare to control (21.58 , 0.890, 4.463 ,2.323 , 366.1 and 215.5 meg ha-1) respectively.

The present study aimed to extract the mucilage from Tamarind Tamarindus indica L and studying some the functional properties . The values of solubility , water binding capacity and viscosity for tamarind seed mucilage were:  87.4 , 17.54 and 13.7 respectively . The tamarind seed mucilage showed varied oil binding capacity from 0.42- 0.73 ( g oil / g dry mucilage ) due to the type of oil used . The results showed a higher emulsification stability from tamarind seed mucilage. This results indicated the ability of using tamarind seed mucilage as stabilizer and emulsifier in food industry .

This study is conducted at the greenhouse of the experimental research station
, College of Agriculture University of AL-Muthana . The experiment includes a
foliar sprays to Okra plants with fifteen treatments , i-e . F1 control . F2
liquorice roots extract at 3.5 gm L 1-F3 Prosolat 1.5 gmL ، 1-F4 Terrasorb .at
2mlL ، 1-F5 Garlic extract at 2.5 gmL 1- and the interaction between them . Theexperiment also includes the foliar spray with zinc at 0 , 3.5 , and 4.5 gmL ) 1-
Zn1 , Zn2 , Zn3 ) ZnSO7 . 4H2O was used as source of zinc element.
The foliar sprays with the foliar feeding is done three times with in 30 ، days
between each of them while the foliar sprays with zinc is done thrice , 15 days
between each of them . RCBD was adopted with three replicates using LSD at
0.05 to compare between the treatments .
The experimental results have shown that the highest vegetative growth values
is found when the plants is sprayed with liquorice root extract which also
significantly is superior that the other treatments in plant height , fresh and dry
weight of leaves per plant , fresh and dry weight of roots , fresh and dry weight
of shoots , the number of branches and leaves ( 41.81 cm , 20.4 gmplant ، 1-
3.81gmplant 14.09 ، 1- gmplant 3,94 ، 1- gmplant 67.32 ، 1- gmplant ، 1-
13.15gmplant 10.4 ، 1-branch plant ، 1- and 30.36 leaves plant 1- respectively ,
while no significant differences between F2 and F5 in the length of roots .
-1 Zn significantly increase the parameters
studied in their experiment over the others treatments

A field experimentt has been carried out in the Autumn season of 2017 in one of the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Qadisiyah to determine the response of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to the fertigation with nano fertilizers of macro elements NPK on the growth and yield of the potato cultivar Arizona under drip irrigation system. The experiment has included 9 treatments of fertigation single Nano N, P, K, di combination nano (N+P), (N+K), (P+K), tri nano (N+P+K) and conventional fertilizers (NPK20:20:20) In addition to the comparative treatment, according to design of RCBD and one way simple treatment with 4 replicates .
Fertilizers have been injected with levels of addition of 40L h-1 of nano nitrogen fertilizer 25%N, 10 kg h-1 of nano phosphorus fertilizer 25% P and 20 kg h-1 of nano potassium fertilizer 35% K and 300 kg h-1 traditional fertilizer Tron (NPK 20:20:20) ) in four batches 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the quantities of fertilizers added to the first, second, third and fourth batches respectively. The growth parameters tested are plant height, chlorophyll content in leaves, vegetative dry matter yield, soft tubers yield, biological yield, dry tubers yield, starch, protein , The results of the Duncan test under a significant level of 0.05 showe that the following fertigation of nano (N+P+K) give has given the highest rate of vegetative qualities and the quality of all yield and significantly exceeded the di combinations and individual fertigation in some traits (plant height and chlorophyll content SPAD.higher nano(N+P+K) combination in the vegetative yield, the soft tubers yield, the biological yield, dry matter yield of tubers, the total yield protein and starch (2.148, 48.221, 11.395, 9.246,843. 871 and 6.355 Mg h-1) .

Glimpse of fish as perishable staple was reviewed. Fish is an important animal protein as it supplies good quality protein, vitamins and minerals. It is however highly perishable and spoils quickly, bad fish handling after harvesting, inadequate storage and processing facilities also contributes to fish spoilage in developing countries thus causing a lacuna between fish demand and supply, thus posing a great challenge to food security. Processing of fish facilitates its maximal use as for value-added fish products. Smoking is the preservation method most adopted in many developing countries to extend fish shelf life. Fish post-harvest loss come in different faces including: physical loss, quality loss and market forces loss all of which will lead to reduction in fish shelf life. Antimicrobial properties of plant extracts and proper packaging can extend fish shelf life. There in need to encourage women participation in fisheries subsector as their active role is essential to fighting poverty and ensuring food security within many households.