Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla, Algeria

2 6Department of Biology, Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla, Algeria

3 Department of Process Engineering, University of Ghardaia, Algeria

Abstract

In this study, the physicochemical indexes, phytochemical screening by thin layer chromatography of essential oils (EOs) obtained from C. limon L. and C. sinensis peels and their antioxidant, antihemolyticand antibacterial activities were investigated. The highest yield (0.71%), density (0.918 ±0.05), refractive index (1.974±0.02), saponification value (186.11±1.13 mg KOH/g) where obtained in C. limon, wherethe highest acid value ( 0.45±0.2mg KOH/g) was for C sinensis. Eight and six spots were identified in C. sisensis and C. limon respectively using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity were 7.04 ±1.03 and 8.39 ± 0.9 µg/mL for C. limon and C. sinensis essential oils, respectively. C. limon EO was also demonstrated better antihemolytic activity by peroxide scavenging, IC50 were 12.76± 0.6 for C. limon and 14.26 ±0.3 µg/mL for C. sinensis essential oils. The C. limon peel EOs showed, also, a higher antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli with 20.5±0.2 and 11.5 ±0.01 mm, respectively. Our data showed that both C. limon and C. sinensis EO were inactive against P. aeruginosa.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1]       Khayyat, S. A. and Roselin, L. S. (2018). Recent progress in photochemical reaction on main components of some essential oils. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 22, 855-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2018.01.008
[2]       Sharma, S., Loach, N., Gupta, S. and Mohan, L. (2022). Evaluation of larval toxicity, mode of action and chemical composition of citrus essential oils against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 39, 102284.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102284
[3]       Palou, E., López-Malo, A. (2016). Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Chapter 89. Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Oils. Academic Press, pp,783-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416641-7.00089-4
[4]       Bhandari, D.P., Poudel, D.K,, Satyal, P., Khadayat, K., Dhami, S., D., Aryal, P. et al. (2021). Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal. Molecules, 26, 6683, 12p. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216683
[5]       Ould yerou, K.S., Ibri, K., Bouhadi, D., Hariri, A., Meddah, B., Tir touil, A. et al. (2017). Citrus sinensis Pericarp from Algeria an Aromatic Additive. Scxientific Federation, Abode for Researcher, 1 (1),1000003, 3p. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i3.7
[6]       Prommaban, A., Chaiyana, W. (2022). Microemulsion of essential oils from citrus peels and leaves with anti-aging, whitening, and irritation reducing capacity, Scxientific Federation, Abode for Researchers, 69, 103188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103188
[7]       Hou, H.S., Bonku, E.M., Zhai, R., Zeng, R., Hou, Y.L., Yang, Z.H. et al. (2019). Extraction of essential oil from Citrus reticulate Blanco peel and its antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes). Heliy, 5, e0294, 7 6p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02947
[8]       Yeshi, K., Wangchuk, P. (2022). Chapter 11-Essential oils and their bioactive molecules in healthcare in Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications. Scxientific Federation, Abode, Academic press, pp, 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85852-6.00006-8
[9]       Sampaio, C.I., Bourbon, A.I., Gonçalves, C., Pastrana, L.M., Dias, M.A. and Cerqueira, L.W.T. (2022). Low energy nanoemulsions as carriers of thyme and lemon balm essential oils. Food Science and Technology, (154),112748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112748
[10]   Dosoky, N.S. and Setzer, W.N. (2018). Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, (19), 1966, 25p. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071966
[11]   Jorge, N., Carolina Da Silva, A. and Aranha, C.P.M. (2016). Antioxidant activity of oils extracted from orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 88(2), 951-958. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620140562
[12]   Brahmi, F., Mokhtari, B., Legssyer, I., Hamdani, A., Asehraou, A., Hasnaoui, Y. et al. (2021). Chemical and biological characterization of essential oils extracted from citrus fruits peels. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45(8), 7794-7799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.587
[13]   AFNOR. (2000). French Association for Standardization, Standards for Essential Oils. NF T-75 111, 112. Paris, France.
[14]   Pothier, J., Galand, N., El Ouali, M., Viel, C. (2001). Comparison of planar chromatographic methods (TLC, OPLC, AMD) applied to essential oils of wild thyme and seven . https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01085-0
[15]   Horváth, G., Jámbor, N., Végh, A., Böszörményi, A., Lemberkovics, É., Héthelyi, É. et al. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils:the possibilities of TLC–bioautography. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 5, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1993
[16]   [Balázs, V.L., (2019). Horváth B, Kerekes E , Ács K, Kocsis B, Varga A et al. Anti- Haemophilus Activity of Selected Essential Oils Detected by TLC-Direct Bioautography and Biofilm Inhibition. Molecules, (24) 3301, 15p. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183301
[17]   Sanchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J.A. and Saura-Calixto, F. A. (1998). Procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 76 (2), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::aid-jsfa945>3.0.co;2-9
[18]   Afsar, T., Razak, S., Rashid Khan, M., Mawash, S., Almajwal, A., Shabir, M. et al. (2016). Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-hemolytic and anticancer activity of various solvent extracts of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker aerial parts. Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 258,16p. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1240-8
[19]   Elgayyar, M., Draughon, F.A., Golden, D.A. Mount, J.R. (2001). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Plants against Selected Pathogenic and Saprophytic Microorganisms. Journal of Food Protection, 7,1019-1024. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.7.1019
[20]   Chavez-Esquivel, G., Cervantes-Cuevas, H., Ybieta-Olvera, L.F., Casta ̃neda Briones, M.T. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of graphite oxide doped with silver against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion test: Synthesis and characterization. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 123, 111934, 11p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.111934
[21]   [21] Farhana Nazira, I. (2021). Comparative Studies on Different Extraction Methods of Centella asiatica and Extracts Bioactive Compounds Effects on Antimicrobial Activities. Antibiotics Basel, 10, (4) 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040457
[22]   Sharma, D. and Vashist, H. (2015). Hydrodistillation and Comparative Report of Percentage Yield on Leaves and Fruit Peels from Different Citrus Plants of Rutaceae Family. Journal of Plant Sciences, 10, 75-78. https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2015.75.78
[23]   Himed, L, Merniz, S. and Barkat, M. (2016). Evaluation of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Citrus limon essential oil and its application in margarine preservation. Algerian Journal of Natural Products, 4 (2), 316-322. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2016.15693
[24]   Fakayode, O.A. and Abobi, K.E. (2018). Optimization of oil and pectin extraction from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels: a response surface approach. Technol. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 9,20,16p. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0151-3
[25]   Golmakani, M.T. and Moayyedi, M. (2015). Comparison of heat and mass transfer of different microwave-assisted extraction methods of essential oil from Citrus limon (Lisbon variety) peel. International Journal of Food Science, 3(6), 506-518. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.240
[26]   Vekiari, S.A. (2002). Protopapadakis EF, Papadopoulou P, Papanicolaou D., Panou C. and Vamvakias M. Composition and seasonal variation of essential oil from leaves and peel of a lemon variety. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 5 (1), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001369a
[27]   Toan,T.Q., Truc, T.T., Le, X.T., Quyen, N.T.C. and Tran, T.H. (2020). Study on extraction process and analysis of components in essential oils of Vietnamese orange peel (Citrus sinensis) by microwave assisted hydrodistillation extraction. Materials Science and Engineering, 991, 012125, 7p. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/991/1/012125
[28]   Teigiserova, D.A., Tiruta-Barna, L., Ahmadi, A., Hamelin, L., Thomsen, M. (2021). A step closer to circular bioeconomy for citrus peel waste: A review of yields and technologies for sustainable management of essential oils. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111832
[29]   Boughendjioua, H. and Djeddi, S. (2017). Organoleptic and Physicochemical Properties of Algerian Lemon Essential Oil. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2(3), 96-100.
[30]   Benoudjit, F., Maameri, L. and Ouared, K. (2020) Evaluation of the quality and composition of lemon (Citrus limon) peel essential oil from an Algerian fruit juice industry. Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Dec, 6(4), 1575- 1581.
[31]   Karleskind, A. (1992). Manuel des corps gras. Tome2. Ed tec et doc, Lavoisier : Paris, PP, 1571-1578. https://doi.org/10.1002/lipi.19940960409
[32]   Boukhatem, M.N., Hamaidi, M.S., Saidi, F. and Hakim, Y. (2010). Extraction, composition et propriétés physico-chimiques de l'huile essentielle du Géranium Rosat (Pelargonium graveolens L.) cultivé dans la plaine de Mitidja (Algérie). Revue Nat Tec, 03, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-011-0635-4
[33]   Kanko, C., Sawaliho, B.E., Kone, S., Koukoua, G. and N’guessan, Y.T. (2004). Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques des huiles essentielles de Lippia multiflora, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon giganteus. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 7, 1039-1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2003.12.030
[34]   Pradhan, A., Sharma, L., Bhutia, S.G. and Sherpa, N.D. (2019). Characterization of essential oil from peel of three citrus species grown in Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 21(3), 8p. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.27
[35]   Ali, Y.M.M.A.H. (2015). Comparative study of volatile oils from peels of orange, lemon and grapefruit. Thesis. Sudan University of Science and Technology. College of Graduate studies, 37p.
[36]   Khan, F.A., Abdeltawab, A.A., Al-Deyab, S.S., Ali, J., Ullah, R., Qureshi, M.N. et al. (2013). Comparative evaluation of physiochemical and GC-MS analysis of sour oranges and sweet oranges peels oil. Life Science Journal, 10(10s), 205-209.
[37]   Ouattara, L.H., Kabran, G.R.M., Kadja, A.B., Tano, M.B., Mamyrbekova-Bekro J.A. and Bekro, Y.A. (2016). Phytochemical survey and antioxidant activity of plant extracts from côte d'ivoire used in traditional treatment of hemorrhoids. International Journal of Innovation and Applied,15(4), 881-893. https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2021.v11.i2.003
[38]   Ben Miri, Y., Arino, A. and Djenane, D. (2018). Study of Antifungal, Anti-aflatoxigenic, Antioxidant Activity and Phytotoxicity of Algerian Citrus limon var. Eureka and Citrus sinensis var. Valencia Essential oils. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 21 (2), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2018.1456363
[39]   Moosavy, M.H., Hassanzadeh, P., Mohammadzadeh, E., Mahmoudi, R., Khatibi, S.A. (2017). Mardani K. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil of Lemon (Citrus limon) Peel in Vitro and in a Food Model. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control, 4, 42-48.
[40]   Nabavi, S.F., Nabavi, S.M., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Eslami, B. and Jafari, N. (2013). In Vitro Antioxidant and Antihemolytic Activities of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Allium scabriscapum Boiss. & Ky. Aerial Parts and Bulbs. International Journal of Food Properties, 16, 4, 713-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.565902
[41]   Pareja, E., Salazar, Y., Arango, S.S., Maldonado, M.E., Zuluaga, J.G., Restrepo, S. (2017). Inhibition of Erythrocyte Hemolysis induced by H2O2 with Mangifera indica L. extract. VII Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2016, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia, October 26th -28th, pp, 457-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4086-3_115
[42]   Akarca, G. and Sevik, R. (2021). Biological Activities of Citrus limon L. and Citrus sinensis L. Peel Essential Oils. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 24(6), 1415-1427. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2021.2022000
[43]   Qadir, R., Anwar, F., Mehmood, T., Shahid, M. and Zahoor, S. (2018). Variations in chemical composition, antimicrobial and haemolytic activities of peel essential oils from three local Citrus cultivars. Pure and Applied Biology, 7(1), 282-291. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.70034
[44]   Javed, S., Javaid, A., Mahmood, Z., Javaid, A. and Nasim, F. (2020). Biocidal activity of citrus peel essential oils against some food spoilage bacteria. International Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 7 (7), 001-005.
[45]   Khalid, K.A., Darwesh, O.M. and Ahmed, M.A. (2021). Peel Essential Oils of Citrus Types and Their Antimicrobial Activities in Response to Various Growth Locations. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 24(3), 480-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2021.1941278
[46]   Edogbanya, P.R.O., Suleiman, M.O., Olorunmola, J.B., Oijagbe, I.J. (2019). Comparative study on the antimicrobial effects of essential oils from peels of three citrus fruits. Journal of Biology and Medicine, 4(2), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2019.04.00113
[47]   Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T. and Meyer, R.L. (2012). Essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3(12), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012