The Evaluation of Using Toxicom on Broiler Performance During Mycotoxicosis

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible protective effect of (toxicom) 5g\kg of ration against the toxic effects of mixed mycotoxins in growing broiler chickens .Total of 75 chicks ,one week old, are divided into 5 treated groups, 15 birds for each. The first group (G1) fed a contaminated ration with mycotoxin and supplemented with toxicom 5g/kg of ration and vaccinated with Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccine at 15 and 22 days of age. The second group (G2) is fed a ration contaminated with mycotoxin and vaccinated with IBD vaccine at 15 and 22 days of age and not supplemented with toxicom. The third group (G3)is fed a commercial broiler ration and vaccinated with IBD vaccine at 15 and 22 days of age . The fourth group (G4 ) is only fed a contaminated ration with mycotoxins. The fifth group (G5) is fed a commercial broiler ration as a control group. The mycotoxins in diet is analyzed by ELISA and the level is as follows : Aflatoxin B1 0.001 mg/kg ,Dezoxivalenol 1.24 mg/kg ,Zearalenon 0.068 mg/kg ,Ochratoxin 0.005 mg/kg ,T2 toxin 0.09 mg/kg ,Fuminisen B1 0.2 mg/kg. Results showed that toxicom significantly (P<0.05) protect chicken body weight, severity of clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rate. It is concluded which produced in Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine is protect chicken that this preparation is protect chicken bioavailability parameters in comparison with the other groups and is recommended to use it as antitoxic material Republic of Belarus.


Introduction
Mycotoxins are chemical substances produced by several fungi, particularly by many species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria.They comprise a group of several hundreds of chemically different toxic compounds.The most common mycotoxins are aflatoxins,ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins.(Sweeney et al., 1998).
Mycotoxins are often found as natural contaminants in grains (Walker, 2002).The FAO and other researchers has estimated that worldwide about 25% of crops are affected annually with mycotoxins andSince it is estimated that 25 % of the feed production per year has been contaminated with mycotoxins (Fink-Gremmels , 1999).Mycotoxins are unavoidable because they are naturally occurring compounds.They contaminate crops before harvest or invade feedstuffs of laying hen during processing, transport or storage (Placinta et al.,1999).Surveys reveal sufficiently high occurrences and concentrations of mycotoxins to suggest that they are a constant concern (Yaling et al.,2008).chronicand low level mycotoxin contamination through naturally contaminated grains often causes reduced production efficiency and increases susceptibility to many immune related infectious diseases (Berthiller et al., 2009).It has been reported that feeding mycotoxins in combinations could result in pronounced adverse effects in avians (Girish and Smith, 2008).Considering the increasing food price indices (FAO,2011).The inactivation of mycotoxins from contaminated feed becomes an important economic aspect to back up the use of new strategies for improving growth performance (Levic ,2010).
In order to avoid mycotoxicosis, several strategies have been investigated (Afzal and Zahid, 2004) which can be divided into pre-and post-harvest technologies and into biological, chemical, and physical methods.The best procedure to prevent the effect of mycotoxins is the minimizing of the mycotoxin production itself (Doyle et al.,1982)) e.g. by harvesting the grain at maturity and low moisture and storing it at cool and dry conditions which is difficult to perform in countries with a warm and humid climate.
Feed additives like antioxidants, sulphur-containing amino acids, vitamins and trace elements can be useful as detoxicants (Bauer ,1994)).Biological methods are not yet used in practice though the number of corresponding patents increases continuously (Ramos and Hernandez , (1997).
Chemically, some mycotoxins can be destroyed with calcium hydroxide monoethylamine (Afzal and Zahid, 2004), ozone (Duvick and Rood, 2000).Particularly the ammoniation is an approved procedure for the detoxication of aflatoxin-contaminated feed insome U.S. states as well as in Senegal, France and the UK.The average ammoniation costs vary between 5 and 20% of the value of the commodity (Karlovsky, 1999).Main drawbacks of this kind of chemical detoxication are the ineffectiveness against other mycotoxins and the possible deterioration of the animals health by excessive residual ammonia in the feed.Thephysical methods are focused on the removal of mycotoxins by different adsorbents added to mycotoxincontaminated diets (McKenzie et al.,1997) with the hope of being effective inthe gastro-intestinal tract more in a prophylactic rather than in a therapeutic manner.Certain bacteria, particularly strains of lactic acid bacteria, propionibacteria and bifidobacteria, appear to have the capacity to bind mycotoxins, including aflatoxin and some Fusarium produced mycotoxins (El-Nezami et al.,2002).Activated charcoal may be important in binding zearalenone and/or deoxynivalenol (Haskard et al., 2001).In an in vitro gastrointestinal model, activated carbon reduced availability of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol (Yoon and Baeck, 1999).The addition of mycotoxin binders to contaminated diets has been considered the most promising dietary approach to reduce effects of mycotoxins.The theory is that the binder decontaminates mycotoxins in the feed by binding them strongly enough to prevent toxic interactions with the consuming animal and to prevent mycotoxin absorption across the digestive tract.Therefore, this approach is seen as prevention rather than therapy ( Doll et al., 2004).Even though food is often contaminated with more than one mycotoxin, most studies are limited to the toxicology of a single mycotoxin.The aim of this search is studying the effect of mixed mycotoxin in chicken body weight and some bioavailability parameters and searching the effect of using Toxicom in keeping chicken performance.

Materials and Methods
This experiment is conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of Toxicom (lignin derivative, synthesized in Republic of Belarus) on detoxification of mycotoxin in broilers ration.The chicks are reared from 7 to 42 days in the condition of epizootology department and pathanatomy and histology department ,Vitebsk state academy of Veterinary Medicine, Republic of Belarus.A total of (75)

Results and Discussion
After seven days of the first IBD vaccine ,Dietary mycotoxins and IBD vaccine group (G2) and (G4)significantly (P<0.01)depressed body weight in comparison with control group(G5) , but, the body weight of toxicom group (G1) is not effected in comparison with the control(P˃0.05).The effect of mycotoxins with or without vaccine is very clear after 7 days of second IBD vaccine in (G2) and (G4) which recorded decrease in bodyweight (P˂0.05) in comparison with control group.The weight of toxicom group (G1) is not effected in comparison with the control(P˃0.05).After 14 days of the second IBD vaccine the weight of all groups are less than control group ,But, Addition of toxicom in G1, is very effective in keeping the body weight to that of control one(figure 1,2) The influence of mycotoxin in body weight is very clear in (G4) that recorded weight less than the control.These results agree with (Saif et al.,2003) who refer that the mycotoxin cause reductions in body weight , anemia, and malformed feathers and impaired performance of broilers.This could be attributed to reduced protein and energy utilization (Dalvi et al., 1984) which impaired nutrient absorption and reduced pancreatic digestive enzyme production (Verma et al., 2002) and consequently reduced appetite (Osborne and Hamilton ,1981).The body weight of chickens did not differ significantly (p<0.05) between vaccinated group (G3) and the control throughout the period of the experiment.The differences in body weight between the groups narrowed down and towards the end of the experiment, are not statistically significant (p< 0.05).These results agree with (Chi et al.,1981) who refer that the body weight of vaccinated group with IBD vaccine is less than the control.On the other hand, the most decrease in body weight is in vaccinated group that fed a ration with mycotoxins (G2) along the period of experiment in comparison with control group which recorded (p<0.05) in first week after first vaccination and (p<0.05)aftersecond vaccination, that may be reveal the synergistic effect of both (vaccine and mycotoxin) which causes very clear effect in performance and weight gain, these results agreed with (Kubena,1985) who refers that the use of live vaccines can result in vaccination reactions and decrease body weight especially if the birds are stressed, furthermore, many researchers cleared that mycotoxins and stress factors result in decrease body weight

Chicken Bioavailability
The effect of mycotoxins is very clear in G(4) which revealed reductions in appetite and , reduction of growth, poor feathering, loss of coordination and inability to stand, these clinical signs agreed with (Parkhurst et al., 1992).On the other hand, the high morbidity rate is recorded in G(2) and G(4) because of the influence of mycotoxins , But, G (1) not recorded any mortality rate and that may be due to the supplementing of antitoxicant Toxicom in ration of this group which negated the effects of mycotoxins, these results agreed with (Reams et al.,1997).Further more, the mortality rate is very high in (G2) with 27% and (G4) 20% , but the toxicom group not recorded any mortality(0%).and that may be due to the supplementing of antitoxicant Toxicom in ration of this group which negated the effects of mycotoxins, these results agreed with (Bennett et al.,1995).On the other hand it is obvious that mycotoxins had a negative effect on the liver parenchyma of broiler chicks in group (2), when compared with that of control group (G5),by changing liver color from mahogany (Figure 3 ), to that which characterized by enlarged muddy or even to yellowish discoloration, with friable consistency and sub capsular hemorrhages (Figure 4).The addition of Toxicom to the diet of broilers in group (1), is effective in restoring the normal red brown liver color to that of chicks in treatment 5 (Figure 5).Kidney is also affected by feeding mycotoxins (G2 and G4), in obvious manner when compared with all other treatment groups (figure 6).They are enlarged, swollen and pale in color, that may be due to liver and kidney function is detoxification of mycotoxins, therefore it is may indicate less detoxifying capacity or damage of functions to some extent, these results agreed with (Jouany, 2007).The results of this experiment clearly indicated that mycotoxicosis in broiler chickens can be influenced by supplementation the Toxicom to the contaminated diet.Supplementing of Toxicom with a dose 5g/kg ration essentially negated the effects of mycotoxins.

Figure ( 1
Figure (1) : The Effect of Toxicom in Protecting Chickens Body Weight in Comparison with the Other Groups that Fed Mycotoxins Contaminated Ration

Figure
Figure(3) Mahogany normal liver at 42 days in G(5) chicks ,one week age are used.Birds are fed starter diet during the third week of age (beginning date of experiment; 22.6% crude protein and 2870.4 kcal/kg of diet) and finisher diet (20.5% crude protein and 2920 kcal/kg of diet) until the marketing age (42 days of age).