Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences

This study carried out inOuargla oasis which constitute an important genetic reserve in South-Est Algeria. It is aim to examine common date chain, dates from cultivars other than Deglet Noor; based on identifying production parameters, socio-economic environment; especially in terms of marketing. And to quote constraints that hinder its good functioning. It also aims to analyze biodiversity within oasis. Reasoned sampling was considered in order to have a certain representativeness by area. Surveys were carried out during direct interviews with farmers. Descriptive statistics have been used to find the results.Our results suggest that the production of common dates throughout the region is fluctuating. It often exceeds 77%. Indeed, the, Ouargla region is well known for its production in Ghars variety.Majority of the farms surveyed are small in size, less than 1ha, from 100 to 300 plant. Of middle age (40-60 years), irregular planting represented by 26% the type that dominates in old system. It also appeared predominance of an oligovarietal system, consisting of three varieties Deglet Noor, Ghars and Tafezouine, which receive a very important interest in terms of preservation because of their market value. The other common date varieties represent only a small percentage 7.80%. Many of these cultivars are rare and old, and the rate of endemism is high. The importance of this endemism is related to the dynamics of peasant selection and the state of the palm groves. However, these oases are increasingly experiencing an accelerating loss of agrobiodiversity. The research contributes to the empirical work by providing an evidence on importance of the common-dates as an alternative for safeguarding oasis ecosystem and their impact on the sustainability of palm date’s biodiversity. Indeed, the environment is subject to multiple technical and commercial problems. Several varieties of dates are devalued and are subject to uprooting.

In Algeria, the high prices of animal products are due to the cost of food, itself linked to the lack of food resources.A fodder deficit really exists, it is urgent to remedy it by relaunching new varieties adapted to our pedoclimatic conditions to cover the needs of farm animals throughout the year. It is in this context that our study takes place, the objective of which is to appréciate the nutritional value of fodder plants newly introduced and tested in the Algerian south-east, the region ofBiskra, it is about the two plants; Panicum maximum from the Poaceae family and Sesbania aculeata from the Fabaceae family. The determination of the chemical composition of these plants revealed significant energy and nitrogen values. It appears that panicum presents the highest values in CC, MM, ADF and NDF (37.60%, 17%, 55.32% and 70.54%, respectively).The study of CPArevealed that sesbania is in the same group with lucerne which makes it a food of good nutritional quality with energy values of UFmeat and UFmilk (1.04 and 1.01) and nitrogen values PDIE and PDIN (111.84 and 101.63) , respectively the highest.

The hydro-edaphic environment of arid ecosystems in Ouargla is endangered. To the sustainability of this fragile ecosystem, detailed knowledge of geomorphology, surface characteristics, vegetation, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the soil is required. Soil permeability is an important hydrodynamic parameter for the assessment of infiltration, structure design, drainage, and groundwater vulnerability, but it has not been studied in Ouargla. In order to ensure better management of the irrigation-drainage and to better characterize the variability of the water dynamics in the soils of this region, we have measured the permeability of these soils by Porchet’s method, taking into consideration the pedo-landscapes of the region: Plateau, Glacis, Erg, Reg, and Sabkha. Soils of Ouargla are semi-permeable with 4.58 m/d, which gives them good drainage capacity and facilitates the transfer of pollutants to groundwater. A difference in the mean permeability of the soils from one pedo-landscape to another is noticed, but only the difference in mean between the soils of Erg and those of Glacis is statistically significant according to the ANOVA and Tukey test.  

Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut. (Euphorbiaceae) is well known for the chemical diversity of its phytoconstituents, and toxicological properties that have been found in literature. However, research articles about their allelopathic characteristics are rarely reported. The current research study was conducted to explore phytochemical screening, allelopathic effects and their potential uses as natural herbicide of Euphorbia guyoniana Leaf extract, harvested from Oued Metlili, Algerian Sahara, on germination and seedling growth of four adventitious species (Bromus rubens L., Phalaris minor Retz., Plantago lagopus L., Ammi visnaga L.) and one cultivated species (Triticum durum L.) in laboratory conditions. The analyses of crude plant extract confirmed the flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenols and tannins, steroids, saponins, free quinone, sterols and triterpenes as well as carohydrates in the extract. Our results show that the leaf extract of Euphorbia guyoniana had significant allelopathic and bioherbicidal activity on germination and seedling growth of adventitious species and stimulatory activity on cultivated species at lower concentrations.

This study was carried out on seventy-six local rabbit (white, black and white and brown white coat color) to investigate the effect of some non-genetic factors on body weight traits in local rabbits with the genetic evaluation of local rabbits by estimated BLUP value of marketing weight. The overall mean of marketing weight, dressing % and average daily gain arrived 1476.01 ± 33.10 g/rabbit, 51.32 ± 0.84 % and 17.22 ± 0.69 g/day/rabbit, respectively. The black-white coat color rabbits excelled in most of the studied traits, especially in weight at marketing (1615.88 ± 31.96 g/rabbit), daily weight gain (19.90 ± 0.64 g/rabbit) and carcass weight (820.588 ± 15.813 g/rabbit) over the other colors, while the highest dressing ratio was in the white rabbits (52.83 ± 0.67 % /rabbit). A significant and numerical superiority of male rabbits over female in the traits under study. A significant positive correlation was recorded among most traits under study. The BLUP values for rabbit ranged from -700 to 100 g/rabbit. These result indicated that there are big genetic variations in this population of local rabbit. It indicates that selection can play a major role in improving body weight traits in local rabbit.

The aim of this investigation to determine the physical and chemical properties of three sesame seeds sample to see the differences between mixed and the sieved sesame seed and which one is better and which sesame seed has the best physical and chemical properties: which were taken from sharzoor in Sulaymaniyah (S, mixed brown), Akre in Duhok (A, mixed brown) and Mala Omar in Hawler (MO, mixed brown). For each sample two parts were taken to undergoes study the first one as a mix and other part was sieved in three different mesh size sieve (1.50, 1.35, 1) mm, then three sieves divisions of sesame seed size were obtained, Large (L), Medium (Med), Small (Sm) and the three dimension of all sesame seeds parts were measured by applying Digital Dial Caliper instrument. The dimensions length (L,mm), width(W,mm) and Thickness(T,mm) were measured for determine of geometrical properties of sesame seeds sample and all samples color was as a mix of brown color such as  volume (V, mm^3), sphericity (S, %,), arithmetic diameter (Da, mm), geometric diameter (Dg, mm), apparent density (𝜌d, kg/m3), transverse surface area (At, mm2) and flat surface area (Af, mm2)  also weight of 100 seeds (g) was estimated. The result of the study indicated that Akre (A) sesame seed sample length for mix and med has higher value 3.33 and 3.08 mm respectively. The Mala Omar sample width for all mix and other parts large, small reported higher measurement 1.75, 1.86, 1.27mm respectively. The thickness of the mix and large parts of Sharazoor reported higher measurement 0.90 and 0.91 mm while. Mala Omar Sample C3 of sesame seed scored highest moisture content 4.909%, while Akre sample B1 recorded the lowest moisture content. The large part of S, A and MO sesame seed samples firstly with higher fiber content 16.141, 17.56, 18.34 respectively.

A field study was conducted in a nursery in the Euphrates region, AL Qadisiyah Governorate of Iraq, to study the impact of the nano manganese and siapton fertilizer on the growth of Trigonella foenum-graecum L., The experiment was designed with randomized complete blocks,by factorial organization, and with three replications. It included 4 concentrations of nano manganese (0, 1, 2, and 3) g L^-1 and 3 concentrations of Siapton (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1. After (90) days from the date of seed germination, the vegetative growth indicators were measured, while the properties of the oil were measured after 6 months from the date of sowing the seeds. The least significant difference (LSD) was used at the 0.05 probability level to test the differences between the means of the treatments. Results showed that the concentration of 2 g L^-1 of nano Manganese showed superiority in increasing most of the studied parameters, which included (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf content of chlorophyll, and the percentage of Linoleic acid), and the impact of nano manganese was negative on the percentage of Palmitic acid. The concentration 2 m L^-1 of Siapton fertilizer outperformed increasing plant height, chlorophyll content of leaves, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid Linoleic acid, and distinguishing a concentration of 4 m L^-1 in achieving the largest number of leaves and the highest leaf area, and the impact of Siapton organic fertilizer was negative on the percentage of saturated fatty acid Palmitic acid. The interaction between the two factors showed the superiority of the combination of 2 g L^-1 of nano manganese and 4 m L^-1 of organic fertilizer Siapton in achieving the highest plant height, while the highest numeral of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content and percentage of Linoleic acid with the combination was 2 g L^-1 of nano manganese and 2 m L^-1 l. of organic fertilizer Siapton. The impact of the two interactions caused a significant decrease in the percentage of Palmitic acid. 

The present study consists of a valorization of a pedological database allowing to determine the Solonchaks in the north of Algeria according to the World Reference Base (WRB) classification. We studied the constituents of these Solonchaks by making different thematic maps, for this purpose a geographic information system (GIS) was created. Profiles meeting the definition of Solonchaks will be classified, spatialized in northern Algeria and grouped into reference soils and the creation of different thematic maps. The main results revealed that the Solonchaks of northern Algeria are provided with calcium carbonate (10 < CaCO3 (%) < 60) and poorly provided with gypsum with an average of 2.5% gypsum. They are also characterized by very high salinity (15 < EC (dS/m) < 40.9) and relatively high sodicity percentage of exchangeable sodium (ESP) > 15%). Statistical analysis revealed that the correlation between the EC-ESP couple is highly significant (r = 0.62; p < 0.01). Similarly, the correlation between the EC and the Ca++ of the adsorbent complex is negative and significant (r = -0.34; p < 0.05). The exploitation of the database made it possible to extract 45 profiles corresponding to the Solonchaks. The classification of these profiles revealed 13 references of Solonchaks distributed in the north of Algeria.

Given the national and international importance of the Deglet Nour variety, its protection against anomalies is critical. The selection of agricultural protection techniques is based on their availability, ease of application, and low cost. Bagging in bunches is one example. In this study, we will demonstrate the utility of this technique as a means of date quality protection and improvement when compared to a control. The findings show that bunch bagging allows dates to mature earlier and increases their weight and dimensions. The increase in water content in bagged dates reduces their acidity and consistency, while increasing the content of reduced sugars as sucrose and total sugars degrade.

In this study, 25 Morphometric characters of dwarf honey bees Apis florea: 15 were for the body characters and 10 for wing venation, in four geographical areas in the province of Basra. a total Samples of 360 workers, Computer program ImageJ was used to measure Morphometric characters. The results of the statistical analysis of the averages showed a clear difference in the Basra area, as the least of them were in the characters of the Head length and width, femur length, width of the end of tibia, and 1st Wax mirror Length, followed by the Al-Siba area in the characters, tibia length, 3rd tergite length, and 3rd sternite length. As for the wing venation, which are forewing width, No. hamuli, A4 angle, B4 angle, G18 angle, and K19 angle. While the cluster analysis showed the hierarchical grouping method of Basra bees with some regional countries, the Basra bees group aligned with the Iranian bee group with a degree of lineage and genetic distance more than the rest of the groups, this study is considered a preliminary registration and diagnosis of Apes florea in Basra province.

A total of 50 different samples were collected randomly from November 2021 to the end of February 2022 in Erbil city, In order to isolate different types of Staphylococcus which are isolated from different sources like (milk, cream, bakery products, poultry, hand worker). Number of testing that were used to identify the bacteria: mannitol fermentation, Gram staining, coagulase, hemolysis, catalase, Test results confirmed with the Vitik 2 compact system. Using probiotic Lactic Acid Bactria agents staphylococcus aureus that the results have shown the LAB effect on S. aureus which is inhabition zone 5.3 cm , 5.2cm, 5.2cm, 5.1cm, 5.1cm, 4.9cm, 4.8cm,4.8cm, 4.2cm, 4.0cm, 3.9cm,3.8cm,3.5cm,3.3cm,2.5cm.

With the aim of current study to estimate genetic action, heritability percentage in its broad and narrow sense and inbreeding depression resulting from inbreeding, using the generation mean analysis method to analyze the generation's means of hybrids maize that different in flowering dates and maturity. The genetic action, that controls inheritance of the field traits to the selected inbred lines and their resulting hybrids using the generation mean analysis. Five pure inbred lines  of maize (ZA17WR, Zi17WZ, ZM74, ZM19 and ZM49W3E) were selected from fifteen different inbred lines with flowering dates and maturity in the spring season 2019 and were crosses according to the research  target (late × late),( late ×early) ,(early ×late) and( early ×early). On 2019 fall season were entered into a backcross program to analyze the means generation analysis. On 2020 spring season to produce the (six generations) which are (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2)   for the four crosses were evaluated in comparative experiments using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates.  Genetic analysis was done for the components of genetic variance for the three criteria, according to [1] for the traits  of the number of days to 75% tasselling, Number of days to 75% silking, plant height , ear, leaves area and yield of individual plant. Results showedThe dominance gene action is dominant in the inheritance of the silking and tassling   traits in the four crosses. As for the trait of the number of leaves and the yield of the plant, the dominance gene action controlling its inheritance was in the first hybrid and the additive gene action in the second, third and fourth crosses, while the  dominance action had the greatest contribution to the inheritance of the trait The area of leaves in hybrids 2, 3 and 4 and in the first hybrid was the largest additive gene action contribution, The percentages of heritability in the broad and narrow sense differed among the four hybrids for the traits studied. The highest percentage of heritability in the narrow sense for the trait of plant yield in the fourth hybrid was 91.50% due to the high additive variance, while the highest  percentage of heritability in the broad sense was for the trait of leaf area in the third hybrid was 99.27%The highest percentage of genetic improvement for the trait of the number of leaves in the fourth cross was 27.64% , and the highest Inbreeding Depression   for second generation F2 for yield in the same hybrid was 22.66%,

Landscaping and agricultural practices are very essential to limit the damage of depredators, but unfortunately the latter affects the entomological diversity, especially when using chemicals products. The objective of our study is to determine the effect of abamectin on the balance of the entomological fauna, in three palm groves cultivated with two cultivars (Deghlet Nour and Ghars), during a control against Parlatoria blanchardi, using the date palm leaves threshing method. Indeed, the application of abamectin leads to significant difference in mortality rates (p-value 2.753*10-10), between the study stations, and between the two varieties. The inventory of enthomofauna before product use results in a total of 124 species in both varieties. However, we recorded the lowest number of species at the second station (Deghlet Nour: S=14 sp) and (Ghars: S= 16 sp). The use of the abamectin affects at first beneficial species (S= 10 sp), followed by indifferent species (S= 12 sp) during treatment time. The highest total richness is recorded in the pest group (S= 14 sp), followed by the groups of indifferent species (S=4 sp), then the useful species have disappeared after 72 hours of treatment. The results obtained clearly show that the insecticides used in palm groves constitute a real threat to fauna in general, and for useful species and auxiliaries of Parlatoria blanchardi in particular.

Early drought is a great threat limiting wheat production in semi-arid region resulted in poor emergence and weak seedlings. This research experiment attempts to evaluate the drought-tolerance potential of four local Triticum durum L. genotypes at germination stage. Hawler-1, Akassad, Semito and Barcelona subjected to drought stress of about 25 % of the soil water holding capacity (SWHC) and compared to their control 100 % SWHC in a factorial experiment designed in a complete randomization. Under stressed condition Semito genotype showed the significantly highest final germination percentage 54.66 %. Lowest MGT was 12 recorded by Semito and Aksaad. The heaviest roots, shoot dry weight and root: shoot ratio were observed in Akassad; 4.09 and 3.95 g and 1.28 respectively. The longest shoot averaged over all treatments was observed in Semito (23.05 cm). The highest leaves relative water content (LRWC) and membrane stability index (MSI) were 56.39 and 62.05 recorded by Semito. Akassad had the highest content of chlorophyll a, b and total; 2.40, 1.51 and 3.91 mg/ g fresh weight. Highest significant proline content was 0.548 mg/ g fresh and sugar content was 2.94 mg g dry weight accumulated in Semito leaves. Genotypes with a fast germination, more vigorous root system and highest root: shoot ratio are very desirable for the rapid establishment of seedlings and could have best physiological response as well as accumulate more osmoticum in their cytosol. Thus, Akassd and Semito had best potential adaptability to drought stress at early growth stage.

This study was conducted at the AL- Musayyib Technical College / Department of Biological-Control Techniques for the period from 1/10 /2021 to 1/4 /2022. The study aimed the effectiveness of essential oils (anise, clove)solution in controlling Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) on honey bees Apis mellifera. The results  indicatd that there are significant differences between all treatments of the essential oil solution (cloves, anise) and the treatment of its Varroa mites in comparison with the control treatment and the natural shedding of Varroa mites after (24, 48) hours of treatment, except for the treatment of cloves and anise at concentration (10). mg/ml, where there were no significant differences between them in the average mortality of Varroa mites. The results also showed in table (1) that there were no significant differences between the treatments of the solution (cloves, anise) in all concentrations in the time periods after (72, 96, 144) hours of treatment.It also showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments of cloves and anise at a concentration of (10) mg/ml after (48) hours of treatment. The results showed  that there are significant differences between the treatments of cloves and anise at the concentration (40) mg/ml and the control treatment in the average mortality of field honey bee workers.The treatment of the essential oil solution of cloves with a concentration of (10) mg/ml achieved the lowest average death rate for the workers, which amounted to (2.42) after (15) hours of treatment, while the treatment of the essential oil solution of cloves at a concentration of (40) mg/ml gave the highest average death. It reached (6.58) after (15) hours of treatment, but it differs significantly with all transactions in Table (2) after 15 hours of treatment. The results revealed showed that there were no significant differences between the two treatments (cloves and anise) in the concentrations (10, 20) mg/ml after (15) hours of treatment in the average mortality of worker bees. Through the results of the statistical analysis in Table (2), it was found that there were no significant differences between all treatments (cloves, aniseed) and the control treatment in the average death of workers in the time period after (40,64) hours of treatment. The results show that a solution of essential oils with concentration (40)mg/ml has a small effect on the worker bees compared to the great effect on Varroa.

The experiment was carried out in the Abu Al-Fadl Forest Nursery, the Plant Production Department, Al-Diwaniyah Agriculture Directorate (3 km north-east of Al-Diwaniyah city) during the winter season 2021-2022, to determine the effect of four levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P ha^-1) and two concentrations of kalotamik acid spray (0 and 200 mg kalotamik L^-1), on the growth and yield of oats Avena sativa L. Shifa cultivar. The experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) by a split plot, with three replicates. The levels of phosphate fertilizer were distributed in the main plots, while the concentrations of amino acids occupied the sub-plots. The results showed the following: the superiority of plants fertilized at the fertilizer level of 90 kg P ha-1 significantly on the number of tillers, the number of dahlias, the weight of a thousand grains g, the biological yield and grain yield, were given 532 tillers m^-2, 468.58 dalia m^-2, 46.76 g, 56.39 mcg ha-1, and 8.92 mcg ha-1, respectively, the results also showed that the plants treated with kalotamik acid (concentration 200 mg L^-1) were significantly superior to the number of tillers and the number of dahlias, it gave 493.42 tillers m-2 and 414.67 Dalia m^-2.  The interaction between the two experimental factors (fertilization at a level of 90 kg P ha-1 and spraying with kalotamik acid at a concentration of 200 mg L^-1) had a significant effect on the biological yield and grain yield.