Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences

In this study, the physicochemical indexes, phytochemical screening by thin layer chromatography of essential oils (EOs) obtained from C. limon L. and C. sinensis peels and their antioxidant, antihemolyticand antibacterial activities were investigated. The highest yield (0.71%), density (0.918 ±0.05), refractive index (1.974±0.02), saponification value (186.11±1.13 mg KOH/g) where obtained in C. limon, wherethe highest acid value ( 0.45±0.2mg KOH/g) was for C sinensis. Eight and six spots were identified in C. sisensis and C. limon respectively using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity were 7.04 ±1.03 and 8.39 ± 0.9 µg/mL for C. limon and C. sinensis essential oils, respectively. C. limon EO was also demonstrated better antihemolytic activity by peroxide scavenging, IC50 were 12.76± 0.6 for C. limon and 14.26 ±0.3 µg/mL for C. sinensis essential oils. The C. limon peel EOs showed, also, a higher antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli with 20.5±0.2 and 11.5 ±0.01 mm, respectively. Our data showed that both C. limon and C. sinensis EO were inactive against P. aeruginosa.

A field study was conducted in a nursery in the Euphrates region, AL Qadisiyah Governorate of Iraq, to study the impact of the nano manganese and siapton fertilizer on the growth of Trigonella foenum-graecum L., The experiment was designed with randomized complete blocks,by factorial organization, and with three replications. It included 4 concentrations of nano manganese (0, 1, 2, and 3) g L^-1 and 3 concentrations of Siapton (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1. After (90) days from the date of seed germination, the vegetative growth indicators were measured, while the properties of the oil were measured after 6 months from the date of sowing the seeds. The least significant difference (LSD) was used at the 0.05 probability level to test the differences between the means of the treatments. Results showed that the concentration of 2 g L^-1 of nano Manganese showed superiority in increasing most of the studied parameters, which included (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf content of chlorophyll, and the percentage of Linoleic acid), and the impact of nano manganese was negative on the percentage of Palmitic acid. The concentration 2 m L^-1 of Siapton fertilizer outperformed increasing plant height, chlorophyll content of leaves, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid Linoleic acid, and distinguishing a concentration of 4 m L^-1 in achieving the largest number of leaves and the highest leaf area, and the impact of Siapton organic fertilizer was negative on the percentage of saturated fatty acid Palmitic acid. The interaction between the two factors showed the superiority of the combination of 2 g L^-1 of nano manganese and 4 m L^-1 of organic fertilizer Siapton in achieving the highest plant height, while the highest numeral of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content and percentage of Linoleic acid with the combination was 2 g L^-1 of nano manganese and 2 m L^-1 l. of organic fertilizer Siapton. The impact of the two interactions caused a significant decrease in the percentage of Palmitic acid. 

The experiment was carried out in a private agricultural field in Baladrooz district, Diyala Governorate, Iraq in the autumn season 2019-2020 to study the effect of spraying with sorbitol and boron on the vegetative growth characteristics and oil percentage of rapeseed. Spraying of boron 50 and 100 mg  gave the highest mean in root length 28.59 and 27.83 cm, number of main roots 32.19 and 32.61, number of pods 739.8 and 746.8,  and oil percentage  45.08 and 47.43 % compared to boron 0 mg (untreated plants) which reached 26.36 cm, 28.92, 616.5 and  43.24% respectively, while spraying of sorbitol 30 g recorded the highest mean in leaf area 298.14 cm, fresh weight of leaves 13.44 g, dry weight of leaves 1.244 g, root length 29.43 cm, main roots number 34.21, number of pods 746.9 and  oil percentage  47.78 %  as compared with sorbitol 0 g (untreated plants) which reached  248.50 cm, 10.81 g, 0.962 g, 25.54 cm, 25.49, 602.5 and 41.36% respectively. The interaction of spraying between sorbitol and boron on rapeseed plants resulted in a significant increase in all studied traits, where treatment of boron 100 mg with sorbitol 30 g led to a significant increase in leaf area, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of leaves and root length, which reached  338.33 cm, 14.99 g, 1.323 g and 30.16 cm respectively, whereas the treatment of boron 100 mg with sorbitol 20 g recorded the highest increase in the number of roots, number of pods and percentage of oil, as it gave 36.50 , 869.2 and 49.67% respectively.

Three modes of action of Trichoderma strain are evaluated, with in vitro tests, in order to verify the potential of this antagonistic against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolated from tomato plant in Oued Righ region, Algerian southeast. Inhibition rates of Fusarium wilt of the order of 56, 65 and 70% are respectively obtained with antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism mechanisms. Results, analyzed by ANOVA, are confirmed that the biological agent showed significant fungistatic effect towards Fusarium wilt of tomato most importantly by mycoparasitism that constitutes the most effective mechanism among all the tests applied. 

The study aimed to investigate the effect of different densities of M.persicae and T. tabaci on the predatory ability of the predator O. albidipennis and determine the preference for one of the two prey, in addition to assessing the in vitro predator's efficiency in reducing the number of aphids on the carrot plant. The results indicated that the rates of predated adult and nymph thrips were significantly higher than that of predated aphids. The highest rate of predation for nymphs and adults thrips was 33.2 and 25 preys per day, respectively, at a density of 60prey/container, while the highest rate of predation of adults and nymphs of aphids was 19 and 13.2prey/day, respectively, at a density of 60prey/container. The food preference experiment showed that the adults of the predator O. albidipennis feed on the immature stages thrips and aphids when introduced together and have no clear preference for one of the prey. The results of evaluating the efficiency of predator adults on reducing different densities of aphids showed that the predator was effectively able to reduce the population increase of aphids when the insect densities were 10, 20 or 30 insect. however, the predator was not effective when introduced to aphids at starting density of 40, no significant difference was found due to predator presence or absence as the aphids population density were 118.4 and 135.2 insects/cage after four days, respectively.

This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two biological agents Beauveria bassiana (Bals) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Kursaki) and four chemical pesticides Levo 2.4 SL, Aster 20 SL, Difuse 450 SC, and Matrixine Plus EC on four important main pests that infect tomato plants. The pests studied were whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Meyrick Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Sulzer Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Koch Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetraanychidae). The results show that the pesticide Matrixine Plus recorded the highest average of mortality of both larval and adult stages of all four pests. The average of mortality for adults and larvae of whitefly were 96.67% and 86.67% respectively. The average of mortality for adults and larvae of Meyrick was 93.33% for both stages, while the percentages for adults and larvae of Sulzer and Kotch were 96.67% respectively after seven days of exposure. The lowest averages of mortality were recorded for Antario on whitefly adults and for Difuse on whitefly (both (16.67%). Difuse caused the lowest average of mortality (26.67%) on Meyrick adults, whereas Antario caused the lowest average of mortality of 20% on Meyrick larvae. The results show also that Antario caused the lowest average of mortality of 23.33% on adults and 16.67% on larvae. Similarly, Difuse was recorded the lowest average of 20% on adults while Antario caused the lowest average of mortality of 26.67% on larvae after one day of treatment.

Glimpse of fish as perishable staple was reviewed. Fish is an important animal protein as it supplies good quality protein, vitamins and minerals. It is however highly perishable and spoils quickly, bad fish handling after harvesting, inadequate storage and processing facilities also contributes to fish spoilage in developing countries thus causing a lacuna between fish demand and supply, thus posing a great challenge to food security. Processing of fish facilitates its maximal use as for value-added fish products. Smoking is the preservation method most adopted in many developing countries to extend fish shelf life. Fish post-harvest loss come in different faces including: physical loss, quality loss and market forces loss all of which will lead to reduction in fish shelf life. Antimicrobial properties of plant extracts and proper packaging can extend fish shelf life. There in need to encourage women participation in fisheries subsector as their active role is essential to fighting poverty and ensuring food security within many households.